When North opens one club, South should bounce directly to three no-trump to show a balanced 12-15 points. With this pattern, he does not want to suggest alternative contracts or let the opponents find out more about which suit it is right to lead.

When West leads the spade 10 against three no-trump, South must decide whether to win or duck, and which suit to attack first.

It is normally right to duck when you have two high cards to knock out, but here the fact that you can potentially keep West off play, and that South fears a diamond shift, might persuade him to win the first trick. What next?

If the club finesse works, South will have time to set up hearts and make overtricks. But if the club finesse fails, South will have only four clubs and will therefore need at least one heart trick for game.

So South must go after the hearts first; the reason is that the heart ace would be a certain entry to West for his spades. If West takes the first heart, his entry to the spades is gone. South can duck one spade then finesse clubs, and be safe unless East has five spades. When West ducks the first heart, South can switch to clubs and be sure of nine tricks.

If South tackled the clubs first, East would take the club king and return a spade to establish that suit, while West still had an entry. If declarer ducks at trick one, a diamond switch defeats him.

Our last board this week from the 1996 world championships at Rhodes shows two different approaches and results in the delicate game contract of four spades.

It was one of the more difficult defensive challenges of the event, and because duplicated deals were in use, the commentators had the opportunity to see how well everybody could do. The problem was rarely solved correctly — that is, if declarer chose the line of maximum pressure. We shall look at four spades, played first by North, then by South.

When Miguel Reygadas and Georg Rosenkranz of Mexico defended game from the North seat (after a transfer auction) Rosenkranz as East found the heart lead. Reygadas contributed the king and it was now relatively easy for Rosenkranz to duck when declarer led a low trump from hand. Reygadas won his trump ace, unblocked hearts by cashing his queen, then played a second spade, allowing Rosenkranz to give him the ruff for one down.

At another table Dennis Koch of Denmark had also overreached to get to game, from the South seat. On the lead of the heart king he won immediately, then led the spade 10 from dummy, to tempt the cover. When East obliged, the communication for the heart ruff had gone.

(You can imagine that if East had two hearts and the doubleton spade king the winning play would be to lead the low spade from dummy at trick two, to discourage that player from putting up his honor.)

All our deals this week come from 20 years ago, when the World championships were played in Rhodes. Today’s deal comes from a qualifying match featuring Fred Gitelman of Canada, better known these days as the face of BBO, the most popular site for playing bridge on the Internet.

Gitelman reached five diamonds from the South seat after East had suggested a decent hand with both majors over North’s weak no-trump. As an aside, it makes sense to play your normal system in place after an intervention of two clubs, with double being Stayman and keeping the red suits as transfers. But when the call of two clubs shows the majors, double to show a good hand and use two diamonds as natural. Meanwhile, jumps in the majors show shortage with both minors and game-forcing values.

In five diamonds declarer took the opening heart lead in hand, and led a spade to the queen and the ace (it might have been more interesting had East ducked this smoothly).

Back came a heart, so Gitelman ruffed, took the diamond king then guessed correctly to finesse in diamonds, on the theory that East apparently had at least nine cards in the majors, while West had at most six. Next, the spade king dropped the 10, and Fred guessed right again by going to dummy to draw the last trump, then taking the spade finesse against the nine.

Now he could ruff the last heart, cash his spade winner to throw a club away, and try the club finesse for an overtrick.

At the world championships held in Rhodes in 1996, this deal came up in the qualifying match between Iceland and Yugoslavia. Matthias Thorvaldsson had a road map printed for him by the defense, warning him of the bad breaks — and the safe route home.

When West opened an artificial two spades to show both minors and 11-15 points, Adelstein Jorgensen could overcall three diamonds. That specifically showed both majors with better spades (a call of three clubs would have shown both majors and better hearts). Thorvaldsson guessed to bid three hearts, and East — knowing his partner had opening values — quite reasonably doubled for penalties. He was a little unlucky to find his partner with a minimum and both opponents with something to spare for their bidding.

After the defense of two top clubs and the diamond ace West had to decide what to do next. A club, ruffed with the seven and over-ruffed might look best, but declarer’s trump spots are good enough for a cross-ruff now. If East wins and plays a trump back, he allows declarer to ruff out the spades and draw trump.

So at trick four West played a second diamond, and Thorvaldsson ruffed, took the top spades, then cross-ruffed two more spades in hand and two diamonds in dummy. Finally he cashed the heart ace and in the three-card ending he exited with the club jack, throwing dummy’s last spade. East had to ruff his partner’s winner and lead away from his trump tenace at trick twelve into dummy’s king-jack.

When the USA women won the world Olympiad in 1996 they had to come back from a huge deficit against Austria; this was one of their big gains.

Both tables played four spades doubled here. At one table Jill Blanchard as West found the good shot of a trump lead. The Chinese declarer took this in hand and played the diamond eight. Blanchard ruffed and played a club, and now her partner Irina Levitina could get in to play a second trump. Declarer could no longer establish a diamond trick, and declarer had just seven trump tricks, a club and a heart.

In the other room Juanita Chambers got a top heart lead and advanced the diamond jack from dummy. East pounced on that with the queen, but from here on in the defense could no longer set the contract. Although East could shift to a trump, declarer could build a diamond trick, using her diamond eight one way or another. But had East been able to bring herself to duck the first diamond, her partner could have ruffed and returned a trump, and now Chambers would have been one trick short as well.

Declarers should have crossed to hand with a trump at trick two to lead her LOW diamond. Now if West ruffs, the remaining diamond spots are good enough to establish a trick; if West discards, the play transposes into Chambers’ successful line. Should East win the first diamond and play back a low diamond for her partner to ruff, declarer can switch to a cross-ruff.

Sometimes the cards allow for a slight inaccuracy, sometimes they are in unforgiving mood. Here they showed mercy to declarer.

In the qualifying rounds of the 1996 World Olympiad South Africa appeared to be heading for a big win until this deal came along.

In the closed room West opened two spades and the South African North bid three diamonds. South converted to three no-trump and West led two rounds of spades then accurately shifted to hearts; when declarer lost the diamond finesse, that meant two down.

On vugraph Krzysztof Martens as North doubled two spades, and that led to a contract of five clubs. Again an initial heart lead is best — but few of us could resist leading a spade with the West hand. Marek Szymanowski won this and had to find the best way forward – on the reasonable assumption that trumps might split badly but that diamonds would not, since West had not led a singleton.

At the table, Szymanowski finessed in diamonds at trick two. Now if trumps had been 4-1 a trump return would have left him without the communications to get 11 tricks. Unlikely as it might seem, you are much better placed to take a spade ruff at trick two and then lead a low diamond from dummy. If East wins and forces you again, then ruff and play two rounds of trump overtaking in hand. Even if trumps are 4-1 you can still come home by playing four rounds of trumps to East, pitching dummy’s hearts.

How much respect should you give your opponents? Sometimes a false-card is sufficiently clearcut that your suspicions should be set to high alert. At other times you have to decide if it is a play you would have considered yourself. If it isn’t, maybe you should pay off to a brilliancy. If they have found a play you wouldn’t have, maybe they deserve to defeat you!

This deal came up in the women’s qualifying event at the Rhodes Olympiad from the Great Britain and Sweden match. The Swedes bid the hand nicely. After a 22-23 2 NT and Stayman by North, the latter could agree hearts. Now Blackwood by South found all the key cards and the diamond king, and she could count 13 tricks if trumps behaved.

Against seven hearts Nicola Smith led the spade jack and declarer won in hand and laid down the heart king, on which Smith smoothly played the nine.

As you can see, this is the only card to give declarer a losing option, since without that play declarer would have had no choice but to follow up with the heart queen, since she could not pick up a four-card heart suit in East.

South was aware of the possibility that Smith had made the technical play. But she eventually played a trump to the ace, and down went the slam. The final score in this match was a big win for Britain. But since they had missed the grand slam in the other room, they would have lost the match had the grand slam come home.

Today’s deal saw you show a strong balanced hand, after which North impulsively leaps to slam, deciding he would be facing a very strong hand relatively short in hearts.

After the lead of the spade nine, where are your 12 winners? If trumps are 2-1, you have 11 top tricks, in the form of eight trump tricks (draw two rounds and take the remaining six trumps separately) and three red suit winners. Normally in these positions you can generate an extra trick by discarding on the opening lead and building a trick for the spade king; not this time, as you will see. Whatever you pitch from dummy, there is no sure route to 12 tricks.

Curiously, though, as long as trumps behave, you do not even need East to have the seven spades he promised to be able to guarantee your contract. Ruff the spade, come to hand with a trump and ruff a second spade, then come back to hand in trumps again, and ruff a third spade.

Now you lead a heart from dummy, intending to finesse the eight if East plays low, or to cover the nine or 10 with the jack. West will be able to win cheaply but can only lead into one of the red tenaces. That extra trick allows you to make the remainder in the form of top tricks, plus taking your trumps separately.

If the opponents had not bid, your first heart play would be low to the jack. You would ruff the spade return, cash hearts from the top and fall back on the diamond finesse, if necessary.